# Data Sources

## Sources for Wages, VA, GDP and Exchange rates

### EUklems
EUKLEMS Database. 2008. "March 2008 Release." Accessed August 30, 2018. https://dataverse.nl/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.34894/MGSB4H.

*Description*: All files contained in /basic_files and /Additional_files. The /basic_files contain information on hours worked, value added, and employment. The /Additional_files contain data on remuneration and skill level.

### World IO Data
World Input-Output Database (WIOD). 2014. "Socio Economic Accounts, July 2014 Release." Accessed October 2023. https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/wiod-2013-release.

*Description*: WIOD_SEA_July14.xlsx, basic data on Output and employment.

### State FIPS and Country ISO Codes
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). "Country Codes." based on https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:pub:PUB500001:en.

*Description*:
- countries/countries.xlsx: List of ISO alpha 3 codes for countries we use.
- country_3_code.xlsx: List of countries and corresponding ISO alpha 2 and ISO alpha 3 and iso numeric codes.
- ctry_code_2v3.xlsx: same but different format
- country_code: More limited list of ISO alpha 3 codes for countries that we use.
- statefipcode.xlsx: based on https://transition.fcc.gov/oet/info/maps/census/fips/fips.txt

### Swiss Data from BFS
*Note*: For some files, the format/layout has changed and some columns may need to be deleted.

Swiss Federal Statistical Office (BFS/OFS). 2019a. "STATEM: Employment Data by Industry, Quarterly Frequency." Accessed April 16, 2019. https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/fr/32008417.

*Description*: je-f-06.02.00.01.01.xlsx, Swiss employment data by industry, quarterly frequency.

Swiss Federal Statistical Office (BFS/OFS). 2019b. "ONF: Prices of Production." Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home.assetdetail.1840017.html.

*Description*: je-f-05.04.01.01, Swiss data on prices of production.

Swiss Federal Statistical Office (BFS/OFS). 2019c. "National Accounts: Production and Value Added by Industry." Accessed April 16, 2019. https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/economie-nationale/comptes-nationaux/production.assetdetail.27065089.html.

*Description*: je-f-04.02.03.01.xlsx, Swiss data on production and value added by industry.

Swiss Federal Statistical Office (BFS/OFS). 2019d. "National Accounts: Production and Value Added by Sector." Accessed April 16, 2019. https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/economie-nationale/comptes-nationaux/production.assetdetail.27065111.html.

*Description*: je-f-04.02.03.04.xlsx, Swiss data on production and value added by sector.

Swiss Federal Statistical Office (BFS/OFS). 2019e. "SVOLTA: Average Working Hours." Accessed April 16, 2019. https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/travail-remuneration/activite-professionnelle-temps-travail/heures-travail/heures-effectives-travail.assetdetail.31025792.html.

*Description*: je-f-03.02.03.01.02.02.xlsx, Swiss statistics on average working hours.

### US Minimum Wage Data from FRED/BLS
Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED). n.d "State and Federal Minimum Wages." Accessed Novemeber 2019. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/categories/27281.

*Description*: fred_data.dta, State and Federal minimum wages. For each state select State Minimum Wage Rate.

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 2019. "US Employment by State." Accessed August 9, 2019.

*Description*: SeriesReport-20190809112029_5f44fb.xlsx, US employment by state. The format of the table has been discontinued by the BLS, but it is possible to download the same data state-by-state from FRED (e.g., for Ohio: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/OHMFGN).

### Exchange Rates
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2019. "Yearly Average Swiss Exchange Rates CHF to USD." OECD.Stat. Accessed February 21, 2019.

*Description*: swiss_exchange_rate.xlsx, Yearly average Swiss exchange rates CHF to USD.

Eurostat. n.d. "Exchange Rates Former National Currencies to Euro/ECU." Accessed January 14, 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ert_h_eur_a__custom_12589563/default/table?lang=en.

*Description*: ert_h_eur_a_1_Data.csv, Exchange rates former national currencies to Euro/ECU.

Central Bank of Ireland. n.d. "IEP to XEU Conversion Rates." Accessed December 14, 2023. https://www.centralbank.ie/statistics/interest-rates-exchange-rates/exchange-rates.

*Description*: ieprates-1979-1988.xls, IEP to XEU conversion rates.

Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan). n.d. "Average Exchange Rates." Accessed January 13, 2017. https://www.cbc.gov.tw/en/cp-480-1879-66035-2.html.

*Description*: Taiwan_exchange_rate.xls, Average over the period.

### GDP, Deflators and Population Data
United Nations Statistics Division (UNSTATS). 2019a. "GDP Breakdown in National Currency." Accessed October 7, 2019. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/downloads.

*Description*: UNSTATS_GDP_current_prices_national_currency.xlsx, GDP breakdown in national currency.

United Nations Statistics Division (UNSTATS). 2019b. "Real GDP in Constant 2010 Prices Local Currency." Accessed August 14, 2019. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/downloads.

*Description*: UNSTATS_GDP_constant2010_prices_national_currency.xls, Real GDP in constant 2010 prices local currency.

United Nations Statistics Division (UNSTATS). 2019c. "Price Deflators and Conversion Local Currency to USD." Accessed April 25, 2019. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/downloads.

*Description*: UNSTATS_implicit_price_deflators_national_currency_and_US_Dollars, Price deflators and conversion local currency to USD.

United Nations Statistics Division (UNSTATS). 2019d. "GDP in Current USD." Accessed August 14, 2019. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/downloads.

*Description*: UNSTATS_GDP_current_prices_USD.xlsx, GDP in current USD.

United Nations Statistics Division (UNSTATS). 2019e. "Exchange Rates and Population." Accessed August 9, 2019. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/downloads.

*Description*: UNSTATS_exchange_rate_and_population.xls, Different exchange rates (IMF; AMA) and population.

Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS), Taiwan. 2019. "Taiwan Population and GDP Data." Accessed February 13, 2019. https://eng.stat.gov.tw/cl.aspx?n=4015.

*Description*: Taiwan_GDP_data.xlsx, Taiwan population; GDP current, chained and real Dollars. Latest update population: February 13, 2019; GDP: November 28, 2014.

### OECD Minimum Wage Data
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2017. "Minimum Wages." OECD.Stat. Accessed October 19, 2017.

*Description*: minmum_wages.xlsx, Minimum wages.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2019a. "Hourly Minimum Wages." OECD iLibrary. Accessed June 21, 2019.

*Description*: Minimum_wages_hours.xlsx, Hourly minimum wages.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2019b. "Minimum Wages Annual, Hourly, Monthly." OECD.Stat. Accessed June 24, 2019.

*Description*: min_wage_all.xlsx, Minimum wages Annual, hourly, monthly (different format to other files).

### DESTATIS Data
Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Destatis). n.d. "Index on German Minimum Wages." Accessed October 30, 2017. www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/VerdiensteArbeitskosten/Tarifverdienste/TarifverdienstLangeReiheXLS_5622203.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile.

*Description*: TarifverdienstLangeReiheXLS_5622203.xls, Index on German minimum wages.


### Interest Rates

IMF International Financial Statistics (IFS), "Interest Rates selected indicators", Accessed April 19, 2021, https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854

*Description*: Interest_Rates.xlsx , Financial, Interest Rates, Government Securities, Government Bonds, Percent per annum, 1995-2009

OECD, "Long-term interest rates" (indicator), 2021, Accessed March 12, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1787/662d712c-en

*Description*: MEI_FIN_12032021153020223.csv , Interest rates 8we are using long term interest rates from the set


### Proprietary Data relating to wages
Swiss Federal Statistical Office (BFS/OFS). Proprietary dataset.

*Description*: UNI_ZH_version_vs_MGO, Data on education and earnings. Reformatted by hand for easier import. Received February 4, 2019.

Lenz, Sabine, and Thomas Körner. 2017. "Index for Bargaining Agreements on Wages in Germany", Destatis, Unpublished data.

*Description*: Tarifindizes_1958_2003.xlsx, Index for bargaining agreements on wages in Germany.

Dickens, Richard, Alan Manning, and S.J. Machin. n.d. "Bargained Wages and Employment by Sector." New Earnings Survey (NES). Unpublished data.

*Description*: nes_eg_data7594.dta, Bargained wages and employment by sector.

## Sources for ALM

### ALM Directory
Autor, David H. "The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration" Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), November 2003, 1279-1334. Accessed November 2018. https://economics.mit.edu/people/faculty/david-h-autor/data-archive.

*Description*: IndKey.xls

Autor, David H., Frank Levy, and Richard J. Murnane. 2003. "The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration." Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (4): 1279-1334. Accessed July 2018. https://economics.mit.edu/people/faculty/david-h-autor/data-archive

*Description*: inddot77means6098-centiles-cen60basis.dta , education and employment data for ALM

### BEA Directory
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). 2003a. "Corrections to the 1997 Capital Flow Estimates." Accessed November 2018. https://www.bea.gov/industry/corrections-1997-capital-flow-estimates.

*Description*: changes_to_180x123combined.xls , published corrections to the flow table

Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). 2003b. "Capital Flow Data for 1997." Accessed November 2018. https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/newsreleases/industry/capflow/2003/xls/flow1997.xls.

*Description*: flow1997.xls

Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). n.d. "Historical Industry Accounts Data." Accessed November 2018. https://www.bea.gov/industry/io-histannual.

*Description*: GDPbyInd_VA_SIC.xls

Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). n.d. "Historical Benchmark Input-Output Tables." Accessed November 2018. https://www.bea.gov/industry/historical-benchmark-input-output-tables.

*Description*: NAICSMakeDetail.txt and NAICS-IO.xls from 1997 before redefinitions

### Concordances
U.S. Census Bureau. n.d. "NAICS Concordances." Accessed November 2019. https://www.census.gov/naics/?68967

*Description*: 1997_NAICS_to_1987_SIC.xls , (not imported into code, just two values typed by hand)

U.S. Census Bureau. n.d. "Industry and Occupation Code Lists & Crosswalks." Accessed March 2023. https://www.census.gov/topics/employment/industry-occupation/guidance/code-lists.html.

*Description*: industry-crosswalk-90-00-02-07-12.xls , industry code crosswalk from 1990 census to 1997 NAICS 6 digit

(I1) David Autor, David Dorn, Gordon Hanson, Gary Pisano, and Pian Shu. "Foreign Competition and Domestic Innovation: Evidence from U.S. Patents." American Economic Review: Insights, 2(3): 357-374, 2020. Accessed June 2020. https://www.ddorn.net/data.htm.

*Description*: cw_patent_compustat_adhps.dta , 1975-2013 USPTO patents to Compustat GVKEY

(I1) David Autor, David Dorn, Gordon Hanson, Gary Pisano, and Pian Shu. "Foreign Competition and Domestic Innovation: Evidence from U.S. Patents." American Economic Review: Insights, 2(3): 357-374, 2020. Accessed June 2020. https://www.ddorn.net/data.htm.

*Description*: compustat_sic.dta, 1975-2013 USPTO patents to Compustat GVKEY

(C1) NAICS97 6-digit to SIC87 4-digit. David Autor, David Dorn, and Gordon Hanson. "The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States." American Economic Review, 103(6), 2121-2168, 2013. Accessed December 2012. https://www.ddorn.net/data.htm.

*Description*: cw_n97_s87.dta , NAICS97 6 digit to SIC87 crosswalk

Eckert, Fabian, Teresa C. Fort, Peter K. Schott, and Natalie J. Yang. 2021. "Imputing Missing Values in the US Census Bureau's County Business Patterns." NBER Working Paper #26632. Accessed December 2019. http://fpeckert.me/cbp/

*Description*: efsy_1998/1998/cbp98us.txt , County level employment data

Lybbert, Travis J., and Nikolas J. Zolas. 2014. "Getting Patents and Economic Data to Speak to Each Other: An 'Algorithmic Links with Probabilities' Approach for Joint Analyses of Patenting and Economic Activity." Research Policy 43 (3): 530-542. Accessed January 18th 2019. https://drive.google.com/file/d/16YDRz7G8IaKGA1T7g32GP3ajrNBySbZE/view 

*Description*: IPC4_NAICS1997.dta, Industry crosswalk.

Autor, David H. "The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration" Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), November 2003, 1279-1334. Accessed November 2018. https://economics.mit.edu/people/faculty/david-h-autor/data-archive.

*Description*: ind90.dta, (consistent industry crosswalk)

U.S. Census Bureau. 2003. "The Relationship Between The 1990 Census and Census 2000 Industry and Occupation Classification Systems." Technical Paper #65, U.S. Department of Commerce.

*Description*: ind90_sic.dta (created by hand based on the above source)

Aggregation crosswalk for SIC codes

*Description*: aggregate_weights_DD.xlsx, by hand. Aggregates from SIC4 to higher order SIC4 and SIC3 codes.

Coelli, Federica. 2024. Automation CHO, Github repository, https://github.com/federicacoelli/Automation_CHO_src

*Desription*: docdb_uspto_patent_id.csv, uspto ids


### NBER
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). n.d. "NBER-CES Manufacturing Industry Database." Accessed September 2021. https://www.nber.org/research/data/nber-ces-manufacturing-industry-database.

*Description*: nberces5818v1_s1987.dta , SIC concordance


### Trade
Institution for Social and Policy Studies (ISPS), Yale University. n.d. "Trading Barriers: Immigration and the Remaking of Globalization" Accessed April 2012. https://isps.yale.edu/research/data/d139.

*Description*: xm_sic87_72_105_20120424.dta, data on customs imports and exports

## Other data

### Concordance ipc cpc

Cooperative Patent Classification (European Patent Office and United States Patent and Trademark Office), "CPC to IPC Concordance Table 2023.02 " Accessed March 12 2023. https://www.cooperativepatentclassification.org/cpcConcordances

*Description*: cpc_ipc_concordance.txt , crowsswalk between cpc and ipc codes

### Nace industries aggregated

Jonas Parnow, Github repository “NACE codes”. Last accessed August 2024. https://github.com/jnsprnw/nace-codes/blob/master/codes.csv

*Description*: codes.csv, NACE industry categories

### Offshoring

Timmer, Marcel P., Abdul Azeez Erumban, Bart Los, Robert Stehrer, and Gaaitzen J. de Vries. “Slicing Up Global Value Chains.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 2 (May 2014): 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.2.99

*Description*: Code from the replciation package and modified code absed on it. As well as some data: div.m (unchanged), invd.m (unchanged), foreign_shares.m and WIOD16_script.m (slightly modified versions of their figure 2 file), WIOT01_05.mat, WIOT06_09.mat, WIOT08_09.mat, WIOT95_00.mat (data, unchanged)

Timmer, M. P., Dietzenbacher, E., Los, B., Stehrer, R. and de Vries, G. J. (2015), "An Illustrated User Guide to the World Input–Output Database: the Case of Global Automotive Production" , Review of International Economics., 23: 575–605, Accessed May 19, 2020, https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/?lang=en 

*Description*: World input output tables as excel binaries

### Mann puettmann 2021 (proprietary)

Mann, Katja and Lukas Puettmann, Github repository for “Benign Effects of Automation: New Evidence from Patent Texts,” The Review of Economic and Statistics, August 2021, pp. 1–45. Accessed June 14, 2021. https://github.com/lpuettmann/automation-patents

*Description* puettmann_patent.dta , Patent classification for US patents. Be advised that data has changed since!

### Patent and firm data (proprietary)

EPO full text data can be ordered here: https://shop.epo.org/en/Data-and-services/Bulk-data-sets/Full-text-data/EP/c/ep-full-text-data , we used epo as of 03.05.2018.

Patstat is available for order here https://www.epo.org/en/searching-for-patents/business/patstat, we use patstat 2018b.

Orbis firmdata can be ordered from https://www.orbiscorporation.com/en-us/patents/